Fast Automatic Shoot Score Approach Combining Optical Flow And Mobilenetv2 Classification
Abstract
This paper presents a fast automatic shooting scoring system designed for fixed-camera setup in real shooting range, where the paper target may undergo slight physical movement caused by wind, recoil-induced stand vibration. The proposed method combines an initial fixed homography with continuously updated dense optical flow for drift-free global alignment, residual optical flow for sub-pixel frame-to-frame registration, adaptive background modeling via motion-compensated subtraction for bullet hole candidate generation, and a highly efficient MobileNetV2 classifier for robust false-positive rejection. By maintaining precise registration to a static high-resolution Score Image template and leveraging the lightweight yet powerful quantized MobileNetV2 network, the system achieves over 98.5\% scoring accuracy at more than 10 fps entirely on CPU even when the target exhibits light movement and under changing natural lighting. Extensive experiments on indoor and outdoor live-fire datasets confirm robustness and real-time performance compared to traditional per-frame feature-matching methods and heavyweight deep learning approaches.
Published
2026-07-07
Section
Regular articles
An author's submission implies that the manuscript has not been published previously, and is not currently submitted for publication elsewhere. Submission also implies that the Corresponding Author has consent of all authors (the Authors). Upon acceptance for publication transfer of copyright will be made to the Publisher of REV-JEC, who guarantees that full content of the published article is freely distributed on the Journal's website. The copyright transfer gives the Publisher of REV-JEC full authority to resolve any complaints of misuse or abuse (such as infringement or plagiarism) of the published article. The Authors have the freedom to redistribute and reuse the published article in any medium or format for any purpose, provided the original published article is properly cited. An article submission implies author agreement with this policy.
